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--- topics:resilience [2026/03/17 10:17] – admin
+++ topics:resilience [2026/03/20 00:02] (current) – Status updated to review admin
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-<WRAP catbadge>System Governance</WRAP>
+<WRAP catbadge>General topicsstatus: review
+status: review
+</WRAP>
 ====== Resilience ======
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 updated: 16 March 2026
 sensitivity: medium
-ai-disclosure: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (Anthropic) assisted with topic structuring, editorial revision, reference verification, and formatting; reviewed by [name], 17.03.2026
+ai-use: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (Anthropic) assisted with topic structuring, editorial revision, reference verification, and formatting; reviewed by Vitaliy Soloviy, 17.03.2026
 </WRAP>
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 ===== Key terms =====
-<WRAP case>
+^ Term ^ Definition ^
-**Black start capability** \\
+| **Black start capability** | The ability of a power system or generation unit to restart without relying on external electricity supply, a key operational function following a complete system blackout.((Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. //IEEE Power and Energy Magazine//, 13(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334)) |
-the ability of a power system or generation unit to restart without relying on external electricity supply, a key operational function following a complete system blackout.((Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. //IEEE Power and Energy Magazine//, 13(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334))
+| **Preparedness** | The ability to anticipate risks, plan strategically, and coordinate effective responses across governance levels before disruptions occur. Complementary to resilience, with emphasis on foresight and institutional coordination rather than system performance during and after an event.((Zilli, R., Angelova, E. H., Bindner, H. W., Breuhaus, P., Cabiati, M., Calis, G., Čaušević, S., El Gammal, A., Giovinazzi, S., Iannone, F., Jünger, J., Kiel, E. S., Kjølle, G., Koh, L., Lee, Y.-C., Linßen, J., Mäkinen, T., Manella, G., Martini, L., ... Watson, J. (2025). //Resilience and preparedness in Europe's energy transition: The role of low-carbon energy R&I// [Position paper]. European Energy Research Alliance. ISBN 9782931174111.)) |
-</WRAP>
+| **Grid-forming inverter** | An inverter that establishes its own voltage and frequency reference, enabling it to support grid stability independently rather than synchronising to an existing grid signal. Systems with high shares of inverter-based generation require grid-forming capability for voltage control and black start.((ENTSO-E Expert Panel. (2025). //Grid incident in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025: Factual report (Phase 1)//. ENTSO-E. https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/blackout/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout/)) |
+| **Islanding** | The ability of a portion of the distribution network or a microgrid to disconnect from the main grid and operate independently during a wider system disruption, maintaining local supply to critical loads.((Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. //IEEE Power and Energy Magazine//, 13(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334)) |
+| **Defence plan** | A coordinated set of automatic protection actions, including load shedding and controlled system separation, designed to arrest cascading failures and preserve as much of the system as possible during severe disturbances.((ENTSO-E Expert Panel. (2025). //Grid incident in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025: Factual report (Phase 1)//. ENTSO-E. https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/blackout/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout/)) |
-<WRAP case>
-**Preparedness** \\
-the ability to anticipate risks, plan strategically, and coordinate effective responses across governance levels before disruptions occur. Complementary to resilience, with emphasis on foresight and institutional coordination rather than system performance during and after an event.((Zilli, R., Angelova, E. H., Bindner, H. W., Breuhaus, P., Cabiati, M., Calis, G., Čaušević, S., El Gammal, A., Giovinazzi, S., Iannone, F., Jünger, J., Kiel, E. S., Kjølle, G., Koh, L., Lee, Y.-C., Linßen, J., Mäkinen, T., Manella, G., Martini, L., ... Watson, J. (2025). //Resilience and preparedness in Europe's energy transition: The role of low-carbon energy R&I// [Position paper]. European Energy Research Alliance. ISBN 9782931174111.))
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP case>
-**Grid-forming inverter** \\
-an inverter that establishes its own voltage and frequency reference, enabling it to support grid stability independently rather than synchronising to an existing grid signal. Systems with high shares of inverter-based generation require grid-forming capability for voltage control and black start.((ENTSO-E Expert Panel. (2025). //Grid incident in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025: Factual report (Phase 1)//. ENTSO-E. https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/blackout/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout/))
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP case>
-**Islanding** \\
-the ability of a portion of the distribution network or a microgrid to disconnect from the main grid and operate independently during a wider system disruption, maintaining local supply to critical loads.((Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. //IEEE Power and Energy Magazine//, 13(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334))
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP case>
-**Defence plan** \\
-a coordinated set of automatic protection actions, including load shedding and controlled system separation, designed to arrest cascading failures and preserve as much of the system as possible during severe disturbances.((ENTSO-E Expert Panel. (2025). //Grid incident in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025: Factual report (Phase 1)//. ENTSO-E. https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/blackout/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout/))
-</WRAP>
 ===== Distinctions and overlaps =====
-<WRAP case>
+<WRAP distinction>
 **Resilience vs. reliability** \\
 Reliability concerns continuous electricity supply under normal operating conditions and foreseeable contingencies. Resilience concerns the system's response to high-impact, low-probability events and chronic stresses that exceed normal planning assumptions. A reliable system may lack resilience if it cannot cope with conditions it was not designed for.
 </WRAP>
+<WRAP distinction>
-<WRAP case>
 **Resilience vs. preparedness** \\
 Resilience describes the capacity to withstand, adapt to, and recover from disruptions. Preparedness describes the ability to anticipate risks and coordinate responses before disruptions materialise. A system can be resilient in its technical design while underprepared institutionally. The 2025 Iberian blackout illustrated this gap: renewable installations met technical performance standards individually, but the system lacked the grid-forming inverter deployment and cross-TSO coordination protocols that preparedness planning would have identified as necessary.
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 {{tag>Flexibility Institutions Transition Digitalisation}}
 ===== References =====
-((Manca, A. R., Benczur, P., & Giovannini, E. (2017). //Building a scientific narrative towards a more resilient EU society. Part 1: A conceptual framework// (EUR 28548 EN). European Commission, Joint Research Centre. https://doi.org/10.2760/635528)) Manca, A. R., Benczur, P., & Giovannini, E. (2017). //Building a scientific narrative towards a more resilient EU society. Part 1: A conceptual framework// (EUR 28548 EN). European Commission, Joint Research Centre. https://doi.org/10.2760/635528
-((Zilli, R., Angelova, E. H., Bindner, H. W., Breuhaus, P., Cabiati, M., Calis, G., Čaušević, S., El Gammal, A., Giovinazzi, S., Iannone, F., Jünger, J., Kiel, E. S., Kjølle, G., Koh, L., Lee, Y.-C., Linßen, J., Mäkinen, T., Manella, G., Martini, L., ... Watson, J. (2025). //Resilience and preparedness in Europe's energy transition: The role of low-carbon energy R&I// [Position paper]. European Energy Research Alliance. ISBN 9782931174111.)) Zilli, R., Angelova, E. H., Bindner, H. W., Breuhaus, P., Cabiati, M., Calis, G., Čaušević, S., El Gammal, A., Giovinazzi, S., Iannone, F., Jünger, J., Kiel, E. S., Kjølle, G., Koh, L., Lee, Y.-C., Linßen, J., Mäkinen, T., Manella, G., Martini, L., ... Watson, J. (2025). //Resilience and preparedness in Europe's energy transition: The role of low-carbon energy R&I// [Position paper]. European Energy Research Alliance. ISBN 9782931174111.
-((ENTSO-E Expert Panel. (2025). //Grid incident in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025: Factual report (Phase 1)//. ENTSO-E. https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/blackout/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout/)) ENTSO-E Expert Panel. (2025). //Grid incident in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025: Factual report (Phase 1)//. ENTSO-E. https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/blackout/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout/
-((European Commission, DG Energy. (2022). //Flexibility for resilience: How can flexibility support power grids resilience?// Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/54d9c702-dc9c-11ec-a534-01aa75ed71a1)) European Commission, DG Energy. (2022). //Flexibility for resilience: How can flexibility support power grids resilience?// Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/54d9c702-dc9c-11ec-a534-01aa75ed71a1
-((Tomasgard, A., Røkke, N. A., Kjølle, G. H., Reigstad, G. A., Korpås, M., & Ski, K. (2025). //Towards an energy-secure and resilient society//. SINTEF/NTNU. https://www.sintef.no/en/latest-news/2025/how-can-norway-secure-its-energy-system-in-the-face-of-current-threats/)) Tomasgard, A., Røkke, N. A., Kjølle, G. H., Reigstad, G. A., Korpås, M., & Ski, K. (2025). //Towards an energy-secure and resilient society//. SINTEF/NTNU. https://www.sintef.no/en/latest-news/2025/how-can-norway-secure-its-energy-system-in-the-face-of-current-threats/
-((Brown, M. A., Zhou, S., & Ahmadi, M. (2018). Smart grid governance: An international review of evolving policy issues and innovations. //Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment//, 7(5), e290. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.290)) Brown, M. A., Zhou, S., & Ahmadi, M. (2018). Smart grid governance: An international review of evolving policy issues and innovations. //Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment//, 7(5), e290. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.290
-((Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. (2025). //7th Strategic Energy Plan//. METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/others/basic_plan/)) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. (2025). //7th Strategic Energy Plan//. METI. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/others/basic_plan/
-((Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2018). //2017 hurricane season FEMA after-action report//. FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/fema_hurricane-season-after-action-report_2017.pdf)) Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2018). //2017 hurricane season FEMA after-action report//. FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/fema_hurricane-season-after-action-report_2017.pdf
-((International Renewable Energy Agency. (2016). //Innovation outlook: Renewable mini-grids//. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/publications/2016/Sep/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Mini-Grids)) International Renewable Energy Agency. (2016). //Innovation outlook: Renewable mini-grids//. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/publications/2016/Sep/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Mini-Grids
-((Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. //IEEE Power and Energy Magazine//, 13(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334)) Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. //IEEE Power and Energy Magazine//, 13(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334
-((Australian Energy Market Operator. (2017). //Black system South Australia 28 September 2016: Final report//. AEMO. https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/electricity/nem/market_notices_and_events/power_system_incident_reports/2017/integrated-final-report-sa-black-system-28-september-2016.pdf)) Australian Energy Market Operator. (2017). //Black system South Australia 28 September 2016: Final report//. AEMO. https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/electricity/nem/market_notices_and_events/power_system_incident_reports/2017/integrated-final-report-sa-black-system-28-september-2016.pdf
-((EcoGrid EU. (2016). //EcoGrid EU: A prototype for European smart grids. Final report//. http://www.eu-ecogrid.net/)) EcoGrid EU. (2016). //EcoGrid EU: A prototype for European smart grids. Final report//. http://www.eu-ecogrid.net/
-((Ofgem. (2022). //RIIO-ED2 final determinations//. Office of Gas and Electricity Markets. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/riio-ed2-final-determinations)) Ofgem. (2022). //RIIO-ED2 final determinations//. Office of Gas and Electricity Markets. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/riio-ed2-final-determinations