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 +====== Commons-based peer production (CBPP) [Wikipedia]  ======
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 +**"Commons-based peer production** (**CBPP**) is a term coined by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School|Harvard Law School]] professor [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yochai_Benkler|Yochai Benkler]].<sup>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-1|[1]]] It describes a model of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] production in which large numbers of people work [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative|cooperatively]]; usually over the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet|Internet]]. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons|Commons]]-based projects generally have less rigid [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_organization|hierarchical structures]] than those under more traditional business models.</sup> 
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 +One of the major characteristics of the commons-based peer production is its non-profit scope.<sup>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-JemielniakPrzegalinska20202-2|[2]]]: 43 </sup> Often—but not always—commons-based projects are designed without a need for financial compensation for contributors. For example, sharing of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(file_format)|STL (file format)]] design files for objects freely on the internet enables anyone with a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_printer|3-D printer]] to [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_manufacture|digitally replicate]] the object saving the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosumer|prosumer]] significant money.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-3|<sup>[3]</sup>]] 
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 +Synonymous terms for this process include **consumer coproduction** and **collaborative media production**.<sup>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-JemielniakPrzegalinska20202-2|[2]]]: 63 "</sup> 
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 +.... 
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 +"Not all commons-based production necessarily qualifies as commons-based peer production. According to Benkler, peer production is defined not only by the openness of its outputs, but also by a decentralized, participant-driven working method of working.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-7|<sup>[7]</sup>]] 
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 +Peer production enterprises have two primary advantages over traditional hierarchical approaches to production: 
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 +  * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_gain|Information gain]]: Peer production allows individuals to self-assign tasks that suit their own skills, expertise, and interests. Contributors can generate [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_content|dynamic content]] that reflects the individual skills and the "variability of human creativity." 
 +  * Great variability of human and information resources leads to substantial increasing returns to scale to the number of people, and resources and projects that may be accomplished without need for a contract or other factor permitting the proper use of the resource for a project.<sup>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Yochai-8|[8]]]"</sup> 
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 +<sup>[Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production|https:%%//%%en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production]]]</sup> 
 +
 +===== CBPP Principles [Wikipedia]  =====
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 +"First, the potential goals of peer production must be [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular|__modular__]].[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Vasilis-11|__[11]__]] In other words, objectives must be divisible into components, or modules, each of which can be independently produced.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Vasilis-11|__[11]__]] That allows participants to work asynchronously, without having to wait for each other's contributions or coordinate with each other in person.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Yochai-8|__[8]__]] 
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 +Second, the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularity|__granularity__]] of the modules is essential. Granularity refers to the degree to which objects are broken down into smaller pieces (module size).[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Yochai-8|__[8]__]] Different levels of granularity will allow people with different levels of motivation to work together by contributing small or large grained modules, consistent with their level of interest in the project and their motivation.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Yochai-8|__[8]__]] 
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 +Third, a successful peer-production enterprise must have low-cost [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_integration|__integration__]]—the mechanism by which the modules are integrated into a whole end product. Thus, integration must include both quality controls over the modules and a mechanism for integrating the contributions into the finished product at relatively low cost.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production#cite_note-Yochai-8|__[8]__]]" 
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 +[Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production|__https:%%//%%en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production__]]] 
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 +~~DISCUSSION|Discussion Section - PAGE OWNER: Klaus Kubeczko~~